Caught In The Middle

We cross from Tahitótfalu to Vác on the ferry in the late afternoon. We have made this journey many times, in winter and in summer, in autumn and in spring. Here it is summer, the long, hot Hungarian summer where the sun is always warm , the beer cold and nothing much happens except the cucumbers grow. Someone wise once said to me about Hungary: it is the most beautiful place on earth, but don’t forget the shadows. I know what he means, there is magic in this land, blessed with grace and bounty, but tragedy and sorrow are never far away. The Danube is central to this drama and here, towards the end of a hot summer’s day, we make the journey across this wise river, at the spot where the Roman Empire, two thousand years ago,  reached its eastern limit in Hungary. Our shadows reach across the Danube, in the late afternoon sun, as we cross this mighty river, west to east, closer to home.

The Danube, which is past, present and future
entwines its waves in tender friendly clasps.

A Dunánál, mely múlt, jelen, s jövendő,
Egymást ölelik lágy hullámai.

By The Danube, Attila Jozséf.
A Dunánál, Jozséf Attila.

We have recently commemorated, and celebrated, the fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 revolution ^[1] . It is appropriate therefore that we start our survey of the month of June in Hungarian history by looking at the life of Imre Nagy, who was not only born in the month of June, but died, and was reburied, in June.  His reburial in Budapest on 16 June 1989 more than any event symbolises the end of communist regime and the beginning of the “change of system” that followed a few months later.  Imre Nagy found his life’s meaning in the events of October 1956. Up to that point he had been, let’s be honest here, a committed and long-time Communist.  Born on June 7, 1896, into a peasant family in Kaposvár, he joined the joined the Russian Communist party after being captured during World War I. He joined the Red Army and became a citizen of the Soviet Union.   He spent 15 years in exile in Moscow following his role in the abortive Béla Kun government. While in the Soviet Union he was rumoured to be a spy for the Soviet secret police.   On his return to Hungary and the new Communist regime, he enjoyed a certain amount of popularity as Minister of Agriculture for his avuncular, homely manner. He remained a prominent and enthusiastic supporter of a Communist Hungary, despite suffering at the hands, like so many others, of Rákosi.

As the events of the revolution began to unfold on 23 October he did not at first grasp the meaning of these events. Like the entire leadership was carried along by the tide.  But somehow through the events of the following ten days he grasped the true meaning of October ’56: the fight for an independent Hungary. By the time the Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest on that grey November morning, Nagy had become much more of a Hungarian and much less of a Communist. It is that we should remember him for.  He remained staunch in the face of his nemesis Janós Kadar, refusing the recant his actions or ask for clemency, and paid the ultimate price.

Imre Nagy was hanged at dawn on 16 June 1958.  His body was originally buried in the prison grounds but his, and other victims’ bodies, were transferred to the far corner (plot 301) of the Budapest Municipal Cemetery. Their bodies were buried face down, as if consigned to the dustbin of history.  It is a delicious irony that Nagy’s re-burial 31 years later to the day was followed a few weeks later by the death of Kádár and shortly thereafter the end of the very regime Nagy had been such a vital part of.

Throughout this series on Hungarian history, the treaty of Trianon has been referred to regularly.  This most catastrophic event whereby Hungary lost two-thirds of her territory and 60% of its population was signed at the Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, France, on 4 June 1921.  On that day church bells tolled all over Hungary, black flags flew over buildings, traffic came to a standstill, newspapers appeared with black borders, and funeral services were held in churches.

Many will recall the popular response of Hungarians to Trianon: “Nem, nem, soha” which translates as “No, no, never”, meaning that the treaty would never ever be accepted.  From what I can gather, this phrase originates from a corruption of the  word “Tria-non” being ‘trios’, French for the number three, and ‘non’, the French word for no, hence, ‘three times no’.

The Treaty would come to dominant Hungarian political and social thinking for the decades, and not unnaturally enough, played a leading role in the life of Admiral Horthy, Regent of Hungary from1920 until 1944. He was born on 18 June 1868 in Kenderes, a small town in the middle of the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld).  Horthy had commanded the Austro-Hungarian fleet in World War I and following the chaos of post-WWI Hungary, entered Budapest on a white horse in 1920 and declared himself ruler of Hungary.  He and his government sought to undo Trianon and restore Hungary’s borders, leading him to form an alliance with Germany.  He managed to survive the inevitable defeat and was even a witness at the Nuremberg war-crimes trials in 1946. He later settled in Portugal where he lived until his death a few months after the 1956 Revolution.  In his will, Horthy asked that his body not be returned to Hungary “until the last Russian soldier has left”.  Thus in 1993 his body was returned to his place of birth and he was buried in Kenderes.

June marks the passing on a number of Hungarians who have made significant contributions to the cultural and artistic life of Hungary.  The great ceramist Margit Kovács died on 4 June 1977.  Her folkloristic works are distinctly Hungarian in approach and are instantly recognisable.  They all seem to tell a story. They have a life, a character, and energy of all of their own. The museum in Szentendre where she lived and worked is a popular spot for tourists to visit.

The painter of the famous work depicting the Hungarian conquest, Árpád Feszty, died on 1 June 1914.  This massive work is some 1800 m² in size was commissioned for the 1000^th anniversary of the conquest in 1896. Painted as a cyclorama (a panoramic painting on a curved wall designed viewed by a central spectator), this work can be seen today at Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site.

June has marks the rather bizarre death of the actor Zoltán Latinovits.  He was the greatest actor of the modern generation and was known as the “king of actors”. His film and poetry readings have a power and resonance few can match. He embraced life and lived with passion. But he was a troubled man. He became obsessed with the life and work of the poet Attila József ^[2].

Such was his obsession that he ended up committing suicide, on 4 June 1976, in the same manner as his hero; by lying on the tracks in front of an on-coming train, in small town on the southern shores of Lake Balaton.

As with many Hungarian heroes Latinovats’ death does not always mark the end of their impact or memory in Hungarian consciousness.  In 1989, in the same year that Imre Nagy was reburied, Janós Kádár died and the democracy was restored to Hungary, Latinovits was posthumously awarded a Kossuth Prize, Hungary’s highest award for achievement.

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Footnotes

1. This article was originally published in the Issue #87 of the Magyar Szó in March 2007. Back to post
2. YouTube link of Latinovats’ reading Attila Jozséf’s poem, Mama. Back to post

In January 2001 we returned to Hungary, this time to settle there. A month later I wrote this letter to friends and family back home. However, things didn’t work out as we planned and six months later we were back in New Zealand.

We return. Two and half years ago we left Hungary and returned to our home in New Zealand. Time passes, life is lived, sometimes well and sometimes not so well. But the call from a distance shore remains and insists upon an answer. In our quietest moments, it calls the most loudly. We can not ignore it and so we return.

We return to the town of Vác, a town some 30-odd kilometres north of Budapest, by the Danube. Our apartment is a stone’s throw from the one we lived in. during our last stay. The instinct for the familiar is strong indeed.

So, people ask, “What is like now?” “What is different from the last time you were here, what is the same”? Let me try to answer these questions although after a month or so, perhaps the real answers to these questions will take longer to reveal themselves.

We arrive at Ferihegy airport recently upgraded and capacity increased. Klara and the children stand in the line for those with Hungarian passports, while I in the line for those with visas. The lines move, naturally, at different speeds. Soon it is Klara’s turn and she reaches the front of the line. I see that she explaining that her husband is a different queue and asks could the family go through Immigration together. “Of course”, the official says and Klara motions me to come over. In a thrice we are through and only have Customs to face before our arrival is complete. I can not but help think back to last time we arrived in 1997 and the young, unfriendly immigration official who seemed to take ages to process our official entry in Hungary. Some things have changed for the better.

The town square, the center of Vác remains unchanged. The baroque architecture of the buildings is as it has been for over 200 years. It is perfectly possible to look at paintings and drawings of Vác from the late 17th century and easily recognise places and buildings that exist today. The only hint of modernity is a few television aerials on a some rooftops. There are no glaring neon signs, no overhead power cables, no telephone poles to blot the town square. This is as it was, and as it should be.

As I walk around the streets of this inner part of the town, I see signs of change, signs of growth. Here and there old houses are being renovated, their ancient bricks and roof slates carted away, revealing rough-hewn rafters and joists. These are replaced with new brick and plaster, wood fresh from the timber mills, clean and straight, new, solid doors, freshly painted and securely locked. There is a sense of momentum here I think, of things getting better. Some things are changing.

One of our first trips is to one of the many new hypermarkets that continue to sprout up all over Hungary. These massive places are a combination of a large supermarket, a large department store, hardware store, music shop and, well, just about anything else. The checkouts number sixty or more and the helpers scoot around on roller-blades so large is the distance they must travel. If people get lost and separated in these huge places, they call each on their mobile phones and are soon reunited. Being a weekend, it is packed and busy and bustling. There is a sense of momentum here too. We compare prices. Yes, there is momentum there too! By and large the prices are similar to those in New Zealand but people, like people everywhere, like to buy things and there is no shortage of people buying. For some people, things are getting better.

But imagine if you will that you have wings and you can soar above the earth and into the sky. Let us leave the town square of Vác and fly south along the Danube, over the new subdivisions that are opening up north of Budapest, until we come to the edge of the city, and the housing estates of Újpest. We peer into a 10th story window where an old lady, sits at the small table in her small kitchen warming herself by the stove alone and sad, and worrying about how she will survive until the next pension day. She cannot call her daughter because it is the middle of the day, the most expensive time to call, and besides her daughter only has a mobile phone and that its even more expensive to call. Flying further south we reach the center of the city, a few blocks from the Váci utca we will see an old man sleeping in the subway, his body warmed only by the cheap brandy he managed to scrounge. Soaring above the city, we reach the IX and XIX districts, more housing estates and this time we see a young man lying on his bed, in the middle of the day, stoned out of his mind, listening to dance music, loudly, unconcerned about disturbing the neighbours or that he has no job. Leave the city limits if you will and travel to a small village and you will still find the sad, the lonely and the poor. Some things never change, the shadows are always here.

We walk the few minutes through the town square, down cobbled-stone streets until we reach the Danube, the mighty Duna. The river, massive and calm, powerful and wide, flows inexorably, relentlessly, southwards. The trees on either side of the river are winter bare and motionless, the Visegrád hills to the west are lightly covered in snow. We walk slowly, arm in arm, under sweeping grey skies beside this “turbulent, wise and great” river, as József Attila wrote in his epic poem. There is a magic here that draws us to return, and live, once again, by the Danube.

Vác, Hungary
February 2001

I am thirty-two and wise,/Poem, be a big surprise/pretty/ditty This is the opening stanza of “For My Birthday” composed by Attila József in April 1937. Born the son of a labourer and a washerwoman on 11 April 1905 he would go on to produce some of the finest examples of modern European poetry and give Hungary perhaps their greatest poet of the century, although Ady has at least an equal claim to that title. This year marks the centenarian of his birth and of course his homeland has celebrated him, as it has done so for many years. But his contribution is recognised internationally and this year the 10th International Poetry Festival, held in Cuba, was dedicated to him.

Another great Hungarian literary talent of the 20th century who also shares an 11 April birthday, is Sándor Márai who was born in Kassa in what was then known as Upper Hungary but is now Košice in Slovakia. A wonderful novelist his works have enjoyed a renaissance since the change in the political system in 1989. He refused to allow his works to be published in Hungary while the Communists were in power but he was equally opposed to the fascist regimes of the 1930s. His works are now widely available and read in Hungary and several of his works are now available in English including Embers and Conversations in Bolzano.

His dairies, especially in his latter years when he was looking after his sick wife display his immense literary talent and are marked intelligence, self-awareness and poignancy. After she died, he retreated further into isolation, eventually committing suicide in 1989, a few months short of the end of the cold war.

April marks the birth of Joseph Pulitzer, the journalist who was born in the town of Makó on 10 April 1847, emigrated to the United States and was an early proponent of what became known as “yellow journalism” or sensationalist reporting. However his legacy has become much more than that and the prizes that he bequeathed in his will that bears his name has come to regarded as the highest honour for print journalism as well as recognised literary achievements and musical compositions.

Another Hungarian who emigrated to the United States and made a great success of himself who Miklós Rózsa, born on 18 April 1907 in Budapest and went on to win 3 Oscars for film scores (Spellbound, A Double Life and Ben Hur). He also composed a significant number of other musical works, including a number with a distinctly Hungarian theme such as Variations On A Hungarian Peasant Song and Hungarian Serenade.

Other notable Hungarians to have a birthday in April include composer Leo Weiner, born 16 April 1885, conductor Antal Dorati, born in Budapest on 9 April 1906 , and the father of the Op-Art movement, Victor Vasarely, was born in Pécs on 9 April 1908. And Franz Lehar, composer of ever popular operettas such as The Merry Widow and Land of Smiles was born on 30 April 1870 in Komárom.

But of course while there is much to celebrate in April for Hungarians, the month also marks some of the more tragic events. We could start with 13 April 1241 and the Battle of Theiss (Tisza in Hungarin) where Béla IV was defeated by the Mongols. At the battle the majority of Hungary’s religious and lay dignitaries were killed. And historians estimate that up to half of Hungary’s two million population at that time were victims of this invasion. The invaders left Hungary the following year only after the news of the death of the Great Khan. For some the Mongol invasion and its aftermath mark a critical phase in the development of Hungary’s sense of isolation and loneliness. In a letter by Béla IV, who had miraculously survived the initial onslaught, complained to the Pope, We have received from all sides … merely words. […] We have received no support in our great affliction from any Christian ruler or nation in Europe. This complaint has been repeated at various times ever since by Hungarians.

Any discussion of April in Hungarian history should include mention of Count Pál Teleki. Prime Minister, along with Count Bethlen, he was on the architects of the Hungary’s post-Trianon government which as been described as one of “conservative democracy” – The country was dedicated to the recovery of Hungarian territory lost in 1921 and for many the best hope of this was by Hungary allying itself with Germany. Teleki tried to steer a middle course, in what became known as the “pendulum policy”, between what he regarded as two extremes; the liberal left, as exemplified by England, and the hard nationalist right, as exemplified by Germany. However the inherent contradictions of Hungary’s position eventually came to a head. In December 1940 Hungary signed a treaty of “eternal friendship” with Yugoslavia but following an anti-German coup there in March 1941, Hitler decided to attack and demanded Hungary assist. Teleki knew that to do so would drag Hungary into the conflict that would ultimately end in disaster for Hungary. It was too much for Teleki to bear and on 3 April 1941 he killed himself. Although a politically futile gesture, Winston Churchill, on hearing his death, said at empty chair would be reserved at the future peace conference.

Teleki was right of course; the conflict would be a disaster for Hungary. But did he, the creator of the anti-Semitic “Numerus Clauses” legislation, envision that nearly half million Jewish Hungarians would be killed in the Holocaust? A controversial question and perhaps explains why the question of erecting a statute in his memory last year, aroused so much fierce debate. To some, he was a facilitating moralist who was responsible for some of Hungary’s worst inter-war policies, while to others he was a tragic patriot trapped in the impossible logic of the 1930s.

Three years after his suicide, in April 1944, Hungary saw the allied bombing of Budapest and other Hungarian cities begin, and the first deportation of Jewish-Hungarians to the Auschwitz death camp. A year later, on 4 April 1945, Hungary would officially be liberated by the Soviet Union and that day would become a national holiday. It remained so until the change in political system in 1989, a reminder that in history yesterday winners are today’s losers.

I can’t resist ending this article on a lighter note with a lovely Hungarian proverb Higgy az asszonynépnek, mint az áprilisi időjárásnak – Believe in women as in the weather in April.

Where ever I go in Hungary I always seem to come across Attila József

I can’t remember the first time I met Attila József^[1]. Perhaps it was hearing his poetry being so mesmerisingly recited on television, or maybe it was walking down that shady street with its decaying cottages in old Újpest and wondering why it was called Attila József útca^[2]? Since arriving here in Hungary over a year ago, I have come across this poet on many different occasions. He has become almost a friend; sometimes I seek him out deliberately, visiting the places where he has been, and other times he appears in unexpected ways. He is always there though, waiting for me.

Hungarian readers will need no introduction to the life and work of Hungary’s greatest twentieth century poet. Indeed it would be presumptuous of this mere visitor to his homeland to try to tell his story. So let me write about the times I have met him and perhaps he will be revealed a little more to us….

I met him in Budapest when I travelled to the IXth District to 3 Gát útca where he was born into poverty and hardship in 1905. The area looks just as dreary and run-down as I imagine it did then. A sense of decay is everywhere and there are few signs of the new Hungary of shopping malls and mobile telephones. There is a plaque on the house that marks his birthplace, in chunky socialist-realist style, proclaiming him as the “the great poet of the Hungarian proletariat”. It is as if his life and name have been expropriated, his life and work pigeon-holed. But that is simply not possible. The wording on the plaque tells only a part of the truth of his life.

Yes, he had a great sense of injustice. You can not read his They Who are Poor (Aki szégeny, az a legszegényebb) or How Long the Lord (Hosszú az úristen) and not feel this. Yes he, like so many of his contemporaries and fellow poets all over the world, joined the Communist Party during the 1930s. But they could not contain his fierce uniqueness and they kicked him out. No one, not even he himself, could contain the intellect, the piercing self-awareness, the uncompromising honesty of Attila József.

I met him again in the leafy avenues of the Kerepesi Cemetery^[3] in Budapest on a cool autumn afternoon. It was so peaceful there, so quiet and so unlike the hustle and bustle of the city just outside the cemetery walls. He is buried here with other members of his family. But not his mother, she who he immortalised in his classic poem, My Mother (Anyám). Perhaps this is only fair – his Mother, although she died when he was 14, never really left him throughout his life and he searched for her in every women he tried to love. He would write in his great love poem Ode (Óda), I love you like a child loves his mother and, not surprisingly, the object his desire, Márta Marton, would have nothing to do with him. Does Attila József finally rest in peace here?

And in old Újpest^[4]. He was there too on a hot summer’s afternoon. I was walking to the Metro station one day down one of the busiest streets in all of Újpest, flanked by large apartment blocks and a constant stream of noisy, dirty traffic. It would be harder to imagine a more unpleasant place to be. This is the new Újpest where the dreams of Socialist planners become sourer every day. As luck would have it though, I spied a side street with green trees and, being new to the area, decided to see where it led. It actually ran parallel to the busy thoroughfare I had just left, but it was a world way. It was the old Újpest of houses and cottages, small gardens with sheds, all tumbling down now. A faded picture of the Pope in a window, a brace of pheasants hanging from some eaves, an open window with a large family crowded together in a small room – these were the sights I saw in old Újpest. And where was Attila József? It was his street, named after him – in honour, I guess, of the times in the early 1930s when he came to Újpest, on the edge of the city, to give lectures to trade union groups.

Even in Vác I obliquely come across his tracks. We stroll along the park that runs along the Danube in this picturesque town. We are by the Danube, a Dunánál. Whenever I am near the Danube, his words come to me like a chant, like the gentle waves of the river itself, a Dunánál, a Dunánál. His plea, so eloquently expressed in this, one his greatest poems, for all those who share a common ancestry of this mighty river to resolve and work together for a common peace still haunts the politicians of today. When you read about the controversy surrounding the building of a dam at Nagymaros and the stress and strain this places upon Hungarian-Slovak relations, then the prophetic urging of the last lines of the poem seems all the more striking: “It is time to work together at last/on our affairs in common – no small task.” (It would be harder to find a more apt description of the impulse behind the Irish peace process than the last verse of this magnificent poem.)^[5]

I met him again in Szeged where we stood outside the university that now bears his name. It is impossible not to think back to that time, now legend and universal in the modern-day Hungarian consciousness, when those striking words were first heard. “I have no God, I have no land,/ no father, nor a mother’s hand.” Even in English the power and chilling rebellion of With A Pure Heart – (Tiszta szível) are unmistakable. When my daughter, Zsófi, was ten, she learnt this poem in school too. They kicked him out of this university, unable to contain his honesty and intellect, just like no other institution or person, ever could.

Once, when browsing through the lifetime of books on the many shelves at a friend’s place, I came across a first edition of some of his poems. “Whose is this signature?” I asked looking at the dedication on the inside cover. “Attila József’s.” came the reply. He felt very close at that moment.

I also met Attila József at the tiny village of Csörög where our family circle was having a get-together. The lunch was babgulyás[bean stew], cooked in a bogrács[large open kettle]. The main cook of this meal, the man responsible, called to the younger boys to bring more firewood to keep the fire burning bright and strong. They returned with a few paltry sticks. “You call that firewood!”, he bellowed as they showed their measly pickings, “Haven’t you read Attila József ?”. It was a reference to the times when Attila gathered (stole) firewood for his family during the dark days of WWI and about which he wrote in his poem, Firewood. Csörög seemed to me, a strange place to meet him again.

And finally, I met him at Balatonszászó, a small town on the southern edge of the great lake, the Hungarian Sea, at the place where Attila József himself could no longer contain his consciousness and intellect. At 32 it was all too much for him to bear, the pain too great. Nagyon fáj
^[6]indeed. It was there on the railway crossing that he lay down for the last time.

By the lakeside, a hundred metres from the place of his death, is perhaps the most powerful and intriguing memorial to any poet anywhere. It consists of a set of train wheels and tracks above which, on four sides, there are letters at the end of metal rods together making verses from some of his poetry. Resting on top of these metal rods, some 5 metres high, is a large, flat rock. You feel the pressure, the intensity the memorial creates, as if the rock, by its sheer weight, was forcing out the hard-edged words and verses. It is a fitting memorial indeed.

And so, this is the Attila József I have come to know. It is a mystery to me as to why I keep meeting him. There are many great poets in this land of poets, all of whom it would be interesting to meet. I am not sure why it should be that this most complex of poet’s is the one I am drawn to. Perhaps one day, when we meet again, I will find out.

November 1997 © Paul Hellyer

Footnotes

1. His name in the Western order. In Hungary the surname comes first followed by the Christian name, so his name in Hungarian is József Attila. What makes this somewhat more confusing is that his surname (József) is also a common Christian name in Hungary. Back to Post
2. útca is Hungarian for Street. Back to Post
3. The main cemetery of Budapest where the good and the great are buried. Back to Post
4. Literally ‘new Pest’. Also know as the 4th District. Back to Post
5. This was written as Irish peace process was underway that led ultimately to the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. Back to Post
6. The name of one of his great poems, it translates literally as something like, “It hurts a lot”. The poem itself is various translated as “Savage Pain”, “It Hurts So Much”, and unsurprisingly, “It Hurts A Lot”. Back to Post

Other Links and Resources

There are many English-language resources available for those interested in learning more about Attila Jozséf. A quick “Google” will yield plenty of results and there is of course always Wikipedia (which is how you may well come to this site in the first place!). Don’t forget YouTube as a source of readings, in Hungarian of course, of his poems. I always find Flickr an interesting place to search, although many of the photos tagged with his name have Hungarian language descriptions. Don’t forget Picasa as another excellent source of Attila Jozséf images.

The English language The Hungarian Quarterly is an excellent source of material about Attila József, including many of his poems. If use the search term in Google attila jozsef site:hungarianquarterly.com you should find lots to read.

For his life and poetry I have listed some English-language books that are worth having. I have tried to link to the original publisher site where ever possible, but of course there are the usual on-line bookstores where you can buy them. Don’t forget AbeBooks as a source of second-hand copies.

• In Quest of the Miracle Stag: An Anthology of Hungarian Poetry from the 13th Century to the Present in English Translation contains a number of fine translations but is worth having for all of the other Hungarian poems. A masterpiece and an intellectual triumph of staggering proportions. Published by Tertia Publishers.
• Attila József: Can you take on this awesome life? by Thomas Kabdebo is probably the best English-language biography available. The author proclaims it as a homage to the poet, and there is certainly lots of analysis of Jozséf’s poetry.